王秀英 (mary at labome dot com)
美国新泽西州普林斯顿合原研究有限责任公司 (Synatom Research)
译者
王秀英 (mary at labome dot com)
美国新泽西州普林斯顿合原研究有限责任公司 (Synatom Research)
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.13070/mm.cn.1.189
日期
更新 : 2015-03-15; 原始版 : 2011-08-19
引用
实验材料和方法 2011;1:189
英文摘要

An overview of FITC/fluorescein, and its applications in biomedical research based on a survey of 118 formal publications.

异硫氰酸荧光素(Fluorescein isothiocyanate)

荧光素是一种应用非常广泛的荧光示踪物。在水中,其最大吸收/发射波长为521/494纳米。荧光素的衍生物异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)带有异硫氰酸反应基团,使其朝着对生物分子常有的胺和巯基进行反应。

在实验室研究的常规用法

截至2011年8月19日,来邦网(Labome)调查了使用FITC/荧光素或者FITC标记的试剂的80篇文献。荧光最常见的应用是与 二次抗体的结合和检测细胞凋亡。此外,许多其他基团可与FITC结合,并且复合物被应用在许多实验中。

结合二抗

在 流式细胞和免疫荧光(包括了 免疫细胞化学和 免疫组织化学)实验中,荧光素通过与不同的二抗(一个简单的二抗调查和简要的FITC介绍能在 找到)相结合,使得其成为了普遍用到的记物之一。

Life Technologies公司(也称为Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Biosource International, Zymed Laboratories)FITC标记的二抗用在流式细胞术或者免疫细胞化学实验中研究GDAP1表达 [1] ,冠形病毒HKU1感染下HLA-C的作用 [2] ,CD63在肾和溶酶体功能的作用 [3] ,莱伯先天性黑朦动物模型 [4] ,和Smad4蛋白在毛囊干细胞维持中的作用 [5] 。

来自于BD Biosciences(BD Pharmingen)的FITC结合的抗小鼠或者抗兔的二抗,用在流式细胞术和免疫细胞化学中,来研究IL-17免疫缺陷 [6] 、化学增活素在细胞归巢中的作用 [7] 、CD63在肾脏和溶酶体中的功能 [3] 、自噬在细胞凋亡中的影响 [8] 、和LRRK2的亚细胞定位 [9] 。

Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories是专注于二抗的试剂供应商。 FITC标记的二抗用在免疫组化和免疫细胞化学,研究果蝇的CREB结合蛋白在染色体功能中的作用 [10] 、HMGN1对ATM活化的影响 [11] 、Hif-alpha/Notch相互作用 [12] ,X染色体失活 [13] 。

Sigma公司FITC标记的抗兔或抗鼠二抗,用于免疫组化和流式细胞术中,研究细胞基质金属蛋白酶7的功能 [14] ,LRRK2的亚细胞定位 [9] ,疱疹病毒1 ICP0的功能 [15] ,趋化因子在细胞归巢中的作用 [7] 。

VectorLabs 的FITC标记的抗大鼠的生物素二抗以1;200稀释,在免疫组化实验中证明新生儿心脏的再生能力 [16] 。

细胞凋亡检测(Apoptosis detection)

荧光素最流行的应用之一是细胞凋亡检测。能直接标记DNA片段的方法主要有两个,其一,利用带有荧光素标签的核苷酸( TUNEL分析)和用荧光素( 膜联蛋白亲和分析)结合膜联蛋白。另一个方法是通过荧光素标记的抑制物Z-VAD-FMK来检测 半胱天冬酶活性。

来自EMD Millipore公司(Millipore, Chemicon)的ApopTag荧光素原位杂交凋亡检测试剂盒 (链接)是最受欢迎的TUNEL分析系统。其在免疫显微技术和流式细胞术中用于研究果蝇Sir2在细胞存活和死亡中的作用 [17] 、非达司他 [18] 、心肌细胞色素P450 [19] 、A-T样疾病中DNA损伤和Nijmegen断裂综合征 [20] 以及IL-1受体 [21] 的作用。Rusty Kelley等人于2009年在TUNEL分析中使用Promega公司的荧光素-12-dUTP,用于研究Bmper的功能 [22] 。

膜联蛋白V(Annexin V)能与磷脂酰丝氨酸结合,这种情况在细胞死亡或者凋亡中会出现在细胞膜小叶外部。在显微镜下或者利用流式细胞术,荧光素标记的膜联蛋白能被用于检测并且定量凋亡/死亡细胞。EBiosciences (Bender MedSystem)的 膜联蛋白V FITC凋亡检测试剂盒被用于研究鼠血糖的控制 [23] 、人前列腺癌的起源 [24] 。AC liu 和AI Gotlieb在2008年使用R & D Systems的 TdT-荧光素原位杂交凋亡检测试剂盒,用于研究TGF-β在调节间质细胞损伤修复过程中的作用 [25] ;来自于BD Biosciences (Pharmingen, Transduction Laboratories) 公司的与荧光素结合的膜联蛋白V在流式细胞术和免疫显微技术中用于研究白细胞病因 [26] 、H5N1-编码的NS1 [27] 、组蛋白H4抑制子1R-Ch1 [28] 、雌激素受体与ErbB2通路 [29] 、RDP58 [30] 、runx3和T-box蛋白家族 [31] 、HPV癌蛋白E6 [32] 、脂肪酸合酶 [33] 的相互作用。Roche Applied Science原位杂交细胞死亡检测试剂盒被用于研究大肠杆菌志贺毒素1的作用 [34] 、Snai1条件突变胚胎 [35] 和梅林 [36] 的影响。YB Choi YB 和Nicholas J在2008年使用Biovision公司的FITC或者Cy-3结合的膜联蛋白V用于研究人类疱疹病毒8化学增活素在内皮存活和病毒复制中的影响 [37] 。PA Gillis、LH Okagaki和 SA Rice使用Sigma APOAF膜联蛋白V-FITC凋亡检测试剂盒用于研究单纯疱疹病毒1型ICP27对p38细胞分裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响 [38] 。

Promega 公司的FITC-VAD-FMK(半胱天冬酶抑制剂)在凋亡检测分析中用于研究microRNA155 [39] 和 ephrinB3 [40] 。

核苷酸标记(Nucleotide labelling)

荧光素除了在TUNEL分析中会广泛运用到,荧光素标记的核苷酸还可以在细胞增殖( 溴化去氧尿苷 结合)、流式或者作为原位杂交的探针得到利用。Abbott Molecular 公司的FITC标记的人7号染色体着丝粒探针用于FISH实验,研究雌激素受体敲除细胞在前列腺癌治疗中的作用 [41] 、罗氏公司的荧光素可以标记X染色体失活的特异转录本RNA探针,用于研究X染色体失活 [13] 。

为了检测DNA合成和细胞增殖,BD Pharmingen公司FITC Brdu流式试剂用于流式细胞术,来研究c-Myc的功能 [42] 以及Ezh2在干细胞分化中的作用 [43] 。

RA Heimeier, VS Hsia, and YB Shi在2008年使用Applied Biosystems公司的6-羧基荧光素标记的Taqman探针用于定量PCR实验,来研究BRG1-结合因子57和BRG1-包含染色体重构复合物在基因激活中的作用。

一抗(Primary antibodies)

同二抗一样,在流式细胞术和免疫荧光实验中,一抗也可以被荧光素标记。BD Biosciences (Pharmingen)公司的FITC标记的一抗用于CD4阳性细胞发育(抗-CD8) [44] 、Mac1阳性细胞渗入(抗-Gr1) [45] 、复合免疫酶染色法的发展(抗-CD3) [46] 以及移植物排斥(抗-CD4) [47] 的研究。在2009年,MJ Barnes等在流式细胞术中使用Southern Biotech CD4-FITC标记的抗体,用于T(Treg) 细胞谱系的研究 [48] 。在2008年,S Martín-Vilchez等在流式细胞术中使用FICT结合的CD80、 CD83和CD86抗体,用于人树突细胞成熟的研究 [49] 。

FITC可用于结合标记抗体,例如c-Myc、His和FLAG,以及其他用于染不同靶位的亲和性试剂。

在2011年,SJ Fleishman等在流式细胞术中使用Miltenyi Biotec 公司的FITC结合的c-Myc抗体,用于利用计算方法来解释流行性感冒治疗的研究 [50] 。在2009年,W Fang等人在免疫细胞化学实验中,使用Anaspec公司FITC结合的His标记抗体,用于产生杀死蚊子的转基因菌类的研究 [51] 。在2009年,CM Chan等人使用Sigma公司的FITC结合的Flag标记的一抗,用于MHC I分子(HLA-C)的研究 [2] ,在同一年,R Kanteti等人使用罗氏地高辛荧光素用于PAX5的研究 [52] 。

抗生物素蛋白-生物素亲和系统已经在许多地方中被应用到。生物素蛋白和生物素能与荧光素连接,以获得高保真度的检测结果。在2010年,K Inoue等人在FISH实验中,使用EMD Millipore (Calbiochem)公司的FITC标记的抗-生物素抗体,用于在核转移中非编码RNAX染色体失活特异转录本的研究 [53] 。Vector Labs的FITC标记的抗生物素蛋白在免疫组化实验中用于类肝素酶对细胞粘着和细胞扩散的影响 [54] 、鼠类睾丸成熟 [55] 和幼年兔小脑皮层发育 [37] 的研究,其公司的MOM荧光素试剂盒可用于免疫染色实验 [56] 。在2008年,YB Choi and J Nicholas使用罗氏FITC标记的抗-生物素用于研究人疱疹病毒8化学增活素对内皮存活和病毒复制的影响 [37] 。A Slipicevic等在流式细胞实验中使用Amersham公司的FITC标记抗生蛋白链菌素,用于脂肪酸结合蛋白7的研究 [57] 。

次毒蕈环肽(phalloidin)能与丝状肌动蛋白结合。在2008年,MA Horswill等使用Sigma-Aldrich公司的FITC标记的次毒蕈环肽用于细胞核的染色,来研究maspin启动子DNA甲基化和H3组蛋白去甲基化 [58] ;在2009年,T Joshi等人使用Life Technologies (Molecular Probes)FITC标记次毒蕈环肽,用于染色IFN-γ处理过的巨噬细胞,研究PI3k/Akt信号通路在巨噬细胞调节的抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性作用 [59] 。

外源凝集素(lectin)是一类能与糖类相结合,并具有高度亲和性的蛋白。FITC标记的外源凝集素用于标记特殊的细胞。Vector Laboratories 的荧光素-外源凝集素用于检测小神经胶质细胞 [60] ,并且免疫细胞化学实验中使用这种FITC结合的伴刀豆凝集素a用于轴突突出部分的研究 [61] 。在2008年,J. Fan 等人使用Sigma公司的FITC结合的花生凝集素(PNA),用于转基因小鼠视网膜的研究 [4] ,RI Nurieva 等在2009年使用Biosciences (Pharmingen)公司的FITC标记的PNA,用于小囊辅助性T淋巴细胞发育的研究 [62] 。在2009年,A Lorts 等人在免疫组化中使用Sigma公司FITC标记的麦胚凝集素,用于骨膜炎的研究 [63] 。

荧光素-葡聚糖(Fluorescein-dextran)

荧光素也能与大分子相结合,用于检测细胞膜和组织结点的完整性。其中一个很典型的分子是葡聚糖。Sigma公司FITC标记的葡聚糖用于铜向外运输体ATP7A [64] 、角膜血管发生 [65] 、视网膜血管渗透性 [66] 、肺内皮细胞屏障作用 [67] 的研究。S Banerjee等人使用Molecular Probes 公司的FITC标记葡聚糖,用于果蝇分隔连接的研究 [68].

荧光素的其他应用

通过荧光素酪胺系统,能够使原位杂交和免疫组化的信号均得到增强。Perkin-Elmer公司的TSA荧光素酪胺试剂包被用于CD39 [69] 和Hippo信号 [70] 的研究。

FITC标记的大分子能用于跟踪微血管。Ewan A. Ross等人在2008年使用FITC标记的牛血清白蛋白,用于微血管的鉴定 [71] 。

FITC能直接着色、标记小动物和微生物 [72-74] 。

荧光素的衍生物还有其他有趣的应用。5-6-羧基荧光素双乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯作为pH指示剂,用于酸类的pH检测。Molecular Probes公司的5-6-羧基荧光素双乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯用于金属蛋白酶-7 [14] 、细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关分子-4 [75] 的研究。为了监测活性氧簇的产生情况,Ho-Chou Tu等人在2009年使用流式细胞术,并利用2,7-二氯荧光素双乙酸盐 [76] ;在2008年,Tatyana N. Milovanova等人使用Kodak二氢-2,7-二氯荧光素 [77] 。

Sigma-Aldrich的荧光素-尸胺 [78] 和荧光素-菊糖 [79] 也已在各种应用中使用。

参考文献
  1. Pedrola L, Espert A, Valdés-Sánchez T, Sanchez-Piris M, Sirkowski E, Scherer S, et al. Cell expression of GDAP1 in the nervous system and pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2008;12:679-89 pubmed
  2. Chan C, Lau S, Woo P, Tse H, Zheng B, Chen L, et al. Identification of major histocompatibility complex class I C molecule as an attachment factor that facilitates coronavirus HKU1 spike-mediated infection. J Virol. 2009;83:1026-35 pubmed publisher
  3. Schröder J, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Himmerkus N, Pleines I, Nieswandt B, Orinska Z, et al. Deficiency of the tetraspanin CD63 associated with kidney pathology but normal lysosomal function. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1083-94 pubmed publisher
  4. Fan J, Rohrer B, Frederick J, Baehr W, Crouch R. Rpe65-/- and Lrat-/- mice: comparable models of leber congenital amaurosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2384-9 pubmed publisher
  5. Yang L, Wang L, Yang X. Disruption of Smad4 in mouse epidermis leads to depletion of follicle stem cells. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:882-90 pubmed publisher
  6. Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, Wright J, Liu L, Lim H, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science. 2011;332:65-8 pubmed publisher
  7. Crola da Silva C, Lamerant-Fayel N, Paprocka M, Mitterrand M, Gosset D, Dus D, et al. Selective human endothelial cell activation by chemokines as a guide to cell homing. Immunology. 2009;126:394-404 pubmed publisher
  8. Altman B, Wofford J, Zhao Y, Coloff J, Ferguson E, Wieman H, et al. Autophagy provides nutrients but can lead to Chop-dependent induction of Bim to sensitize growth factor-deprived cells to apoptosis. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:1180-91 pubmed publisher
  9. Ko H, Bailey R, Smith W, Liu Z, Shin J, Lee Y, et al. CHIP regulates leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 ubiquitination, degradation, and toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:2897-902 pubmed publisher
  10. Zhao Y, Takeyama K, Sawatsubashi S, Ito S, Suzuki E, Yamagata K, et al. Corepressive action of CBP on androgen receptor transactivation in pericentric heterochromatin in a Drosophila experimental model system. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1017-34 pubmed publisher
  11. Kim Y, Gerlitz G, Furusawa T, Catez F, Nussenzweig A, Oh K, et al. Activation of ATM depends on chromatin interactions occurring before induction of DNA damage. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:92-6 pubmed publisher
  12. Mukherjee T, Kim W, Mandal L, Banerjee U. Interaction between Notch and Hif-alpha in development and survival of Drosophila blood cells. Science. 2011;332:1210-3 pubmed publisher
  13. Kanellopoulou C, Muljo S, Dimitrov S, Chen X, Colin C, Plath K, et al. X chromosome inactivation in the absence of Dicer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106:1122-7 pubmed publisher
  14. Buhler L, Samara R, Guzman E, Wilson C, Krizanac-Bengez L, Janigro D, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 facilitates immune access to the CNS in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. BMC Neurosci. 2009;10:17 pubmed publisher
  15. Gu H, Roizman B. The two functions of herpes simplex virus 1 ICP0, inhibition of silencing by the CoREST/REST/HDAC complex and degradation of PML, are executed in tandem. J Virol. 2009;83:181-7 pubmed publisher
  16. Porrello E, Mahmoud A, Simpson E, Hill J, Richardson J, Olson E, et al. Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science. 2011;331:1078-80 pubmed publisher
  17. Griswold A, Chang K, Runko A, Knight M, MIN K. Sir2 mediates apoptosis through JNK-dependent pathways in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:8673-8 pubmed publisher
  18. Drel V, Pacher P, Ali T, Shin J, Julius U, el-Remessy A, et al. Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat counteracts diabetes-associated cataract formation, retinal oxidative-nitrosative stress, glial activation, and apoptosis. Int J Mol Med. 2008;21:667-76 pubmed
  19. Fang C, Gu J, Xie F, Behr M, Yang W, Abel E, et al. Deletion of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase gene in cardiomyocytes does not protect mice against doxorubicin-mediated acute cardiac toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008;36:1722-8 pubmed publisher
  20. Shull E, Lee Y, Nakane H, Stracker T, Zhao J, Russell H, et al. Differential DNA damage signaling accounts for distinct neural apoptotic responses in ATLD and NBS. Genes Dev. 2009;23:171-80 pubmed publisher
  21. Lebeis S, Powell K, Merlin D, Sherman M, Kalman D. Interleukin-1 receptor signaling protects mice from lethal intestinal damage caused by the attaching and effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Infect Immun. 2009;77:604-14 pubmed publisher
  22. Kelley R, Ren R, Pi X, Wu Y, Moreno I, Willis M, et al. A concentration-dependent endocytic trap and sink mechanism converts Bmper from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp signaling. J Cell Biol. 2009;184:597-609 pubmed publisher
  23. Ye H, Daoud-El Baba M, Peng R, Fussenegger M. A synthetic optogenetic transcription device enhances blood-glucose homeostasis in mice. Science. 2011;332:1565-8 pubmed publisher
  24. Goldstein A, Huang J, Guo C, Garraway I, Witte O. Identification of a cell of origin for human prostate cancer. Science. 2010;329:568-71 pubmed publisher
  25. Liu A, Gotlieb A. Transforming growth factor-beta regulates in vitro heart valve repair by activated valve interstitial cells. Am J Pathol. 2008;173:1275-85 pubmed publisher
  26. Wu M, Eldin K, Beaudet A. Identification of chromatin remodeling genes Arid4a and Arid4b as leukemia suppressor genes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100:1247-59 pubmed publisher
  27. Lam W, Tang J, Yeung A, Chiu L, Sung J, Chan P. Avian influenza virus A/HK/483/97(H5N1) NS1 protein induces apoptosis in human airway epithelial cells. J Virol. 2008;82:2741-51 pubmed publisher
  28. Chou C, Farkas M, Tsai S, Alvarez D, Dervan P, Gottesfeld J. Small molecules targeting histone H4 as potential therapeutics for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7:769-78 pubmed publisher
  29. Naderi A, Hughes-Davies L. A functionally significant cross-talk between androgen receptor and ErbB2 pathways in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Neoplasia. 2008;10:542-8 pubmed
  30. Liu W, DeYoung B, Chen X, Evanoff D, Luo Y. RDP58 inhibits T cell-mediated bladder inflammation in an autoimmune cystitis model. J Autoimmun. 2008;30:257-65 pubmed
  31. Cruz-Guilloty F, Pipkin M, Djuretic I, Levanon D, Lotem J, Lichtenheld M, et al. Runx3 and T-box proteins cooperate to establish the transcriptional program of effector CTLs. J Exp Med. 2009;206:51-9 pubmed publisher
  32. Wang X, Wang H, McCoy J, Banerjee N, Rader J, Broker T, et al. Oncogenic HPV infection interrupts the expression of tumor-suppressive miR-34a through viral oncoprotein E6. RNA. 2009;15:637-47 pubmed publisher
  33. Wang W, Zhao X, Wang H, Liang Y. Increased fatty acid synthase as a potential therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2008;9:441-7 pubmed publisher
  34. Stamm I, Mohr M, Bridger P, Schröpfer E, König M, Stoffregen W, et al. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the bovine colonic mucosa differ in their responsiveness to Escherichia coli Shiga toxin 1. Infect Immun. 2008;76:5381-91 pubmed publisher
  35. Lomeli H, Starling C, Gridley T. Epiblast-specific Snai1 deletion results in embryonic lethality due to multiple vascular defects. BMC Res Notes. 2009;2:22 pubmed
  36. Houshmandi S, Emnett R, Giovannini M, Gutmann D. The neurofibromatosis 2 protein, merlin, regulates glial cell growth in an ErbB2- and Src-dependent manner. Mol Cell Biol. 2009;29:1472-86 pubmed publisher
  37. Choi Y, Nicholas J. Autocrine and paracrine promotion of cell survival and virus replication by human herpesvirus 8 chemokines. J Virol. 2008;82:6501-13 pubmed publisher
  38. Gillis P, Okagaki L, Rice S. Herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 induces p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and apoptosis in HeLa cells. J Virol. 2009;83:1767-77 pubmed publisher
  39. Lu L, Thai T, Calado D, Chaudhry A, Kubo M, Tanaka K, et al. Foxp3-dependent microRNA155 confers competitive fitness to regulatory T cells by targeting SOCS1 protein. Immunity. 2009;30:80-91 pubmed publisher
  40. Furne C, Ricard J, Cabrera J, Pays L, Bethea J, Mehlen P, et al. EphrinB3 is an anti-apoptotic ligand that inhibits the dependence receptor functions of EphA4 receptors during adult neurogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793:231-8 pubmed publisher
  41. Li Z, Mathew P, Yang J, Starbuck M, Zurita A, Liu J, et al. Androgen receptor-negative human prostate cancer cells induce osteogenesis in mice through FGF9-mediated mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:2697-710 pubmed publisher
  42. Sinigaglia C, Busengdal H, Leclère L, Technau U, Rentzsch F. The bilaterian head patterning gene six3/6 controls aboral domain development in a cnidarian. PLoS Biol. 2013;11:e1001488 pubmed publisher
  43. Liu Y, Li F, Handler J, Huang C, Xiang Y, Neretti N, et al. Global regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic genes by c-Myc. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2722 pubmed publisher
  44. Heimeier R, Hsia V, Shi Y. Participation of Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1)-associated factor 57 and BRG1-containing chromatin remodeling complexes in thyroid hormone-dependent gene activation during vertebrate development. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:1065-77 pubmed publisher
  45. Hu J, Qi Q, August A. Itk derived signals regulate the expression of Th-POK and controls the development of CD4 T cells. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e8891 pubmed publisher
  46. Hu X, Feng F, Wang Y, Wang L, He F, Dou G, et al. Blockade of Notch signaling in tumor-bearing mice may lead to tumor regression, progression, or metastasis, depending on tumor cell types. Neoplasia. 2009;11:32-8 pubmed
  47. van der Loos C. Multiple immunoenzyme staining: methods and visualizations for the observation with spectral imaging. J Histochem Cytochem. 2008;56:313-28 pubmed
  48. Tawara I, Maeda Y, Sun Y, Lowler K, Liu C, Toubai T, et al. Combined Th2 cytokine deficiency in donor T cells aggravates experimental acute graft-vs-host disease. Exp Hematol. 2008;36:988-96 pubmed publisher
  49. Barnes M, Krebs P, Harris N, Eidenschenk C, Gonzalez-Quintial R, Arnold C, et al. Commitment to the regulatory T cell lineage requires CARMA1 in the thymus but not in the periphery. PLoS Biol. 2009;7:e51 pubmed publisher
  50. Martín-Vílchez S, Molina-Jiménez F, Alonso-Lebrero J, Sanz-Cameno P, Rodríguez-Muñoz Y, Benedicto I, et al. AM3, a natural glycoconjugate, induces the functional maturation of human dendritic cells. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:698-708 pubmed publisher
  51. Lee I, Kawai Y, Fergusson M, Rovira I, Bishop A, Motoyama N, et al. Atg7 modulates p53 activity to regulate cell cycle and survival during metabolic stress. Science. 2012;336:225-8 pubmed publisher
  52. Janda C, Waghray D, Levin A, Thomas C, Garcia K. Structural basis of Wnt recognition by Frizzled. Science. 2012;337:59-64 pubmed publisher
  53. Fleishman S, Whitehead T, Ekiert D, Dreyfus C, Corn J, Strauch E, et al. Computational design of proteins targeting the conserved stem region of influenza hemagglutinin. Science. 2011;332:816-21 pubmed publisher
  54. Fang W, VEGA-RODRIGUEZ J, Ghosh A, Jacobs-Lorena M, KANG A, St Leger R. Development of transgenic fungi that kill human malaria parasites in mosquitoes. Science. 2011;331:1074-7 pubmed publisher
  55. Kanteti R, Nallasura V, Loganathan S, Tretiakova M, Kroll T, Krishnaswamy S, et al. PAX5 is expressed in small-cell lung cancer and positively regulates c-Met transcription. Lab Invest. 2009;89:301-14 pubmed publisher
  56. St John A, Rathore A, Raghavan B, Ng M, Abraham S. Contributions of mast cells and vasoactive products, leukotrienes and chymase, to dengue virus-induced vascular leakage. elife. 2013;2:e00481 pubmed publisher
  57. Inoue K, Kohda T, Sugimoto M, Sado T, Ogonuki N, Matoba S, et al. Impeding Xist expression from the active X chromosome improves mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer. Science. 2010;330:496-9 pubmed publisher
  58. Levy-Adam F, Feld S, Suss-Toby E, Vlodavsky I, Ilan N. Heparanase facilitates cell adhesion and spreading by clustering of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2319 pubmed publisher
  59. Baines H, Nwagwu M, Hastie G, Wiles R, Mayhew T, Ebling F. Effects of estradiol and FSH on maturation of the testis in the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2008;6:4 pubmed publisher
  60. Stenzel W, Muller U, Kohler G, Heppner F, Blessing M, McKenzie A, et al. IL-4/IL-13-dependent alternative activation of macrophages but not microglial cells is associated with uncontrolled cerebral cryptococcosis. Am J Pathol. 2009;174:486-96 pubmed publisher
  61. Slipicevic A, Jørgensen K, Skrede M, Rosnes A, Trøen G, Davidson B, et al. The fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) is involved in proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:276 pubmed publisher
  62. Horswill M, Narayan M, Warejcka D, Cirillo L, Twining S. Epigenetic silencing of maspin expression occurs early in the conversion of keratocytes to fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res. 2008;86:586-600 pubmed publisher
  63. Joshi T, Ganesan L, Cheney C, Ostrowski M, Muthusamy N, Byrd J, et al. The PtdIns 3-kinase/Akt pathway regulates macrophage-mediated ADCC against B cell lymphoma. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4208 pubmed publisher
  64. Ponti G, Peretto P, Bonfanti L. Genesis of neuronal and glial progenitors in the cerebellar cortex of peripuberal and adult rabbits. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2366 pubmed publisher
  65. Sato Y, Iketani M, Kurihara Y, Yamaguchi M, Yamashita N, Nakamura F, et al. Cartilage acidic protein-1B (LOTUS), an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist for axon tract formation. Science. 2011;333:769-73 pubmed publisher
  66. Nurieva R, Chung Y, Hwang D, Yang X, Kang H, Ma L, et al. Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages. Immunity. 2008;29:138-49 pubmed publisher
  67. Lorts A, Schwanekamp J, Elrod J, Sargent M, Molkentin J. Genetic manipulation of periostin expression in the heart does not affect myocyte content, cell cycle activity, or cardiac repair. Circ Res. 2009;104:e1-7 pubmed publisher
  68. Kalayda G, Wagner C, Buss I, Reedijk J, Jaehde U. Altered localisation of the copper efflux transporters ATP7A and ATP7B associated with cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer. 2008;8:175 pubmed publisher
  69. Beauvais D, Ell B, McWhorter A, Rapraeger A. Syndecan-1 regulates alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin activation during angiogenesis and is blocked by synstatin, a novel peptide inhibitor. J Exp Med. 2009;206:691-705 pubmed publisher
  70. Li B, Zhang H, Shi Y, Min Y, Lin S, Wu K, et al. Overexpression of nuclear transport factor 2 may protect against diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis. 2009;15:861-9 pubmed
  71. Wojciak-Stothard B, Torondel B, Zhao L, Renne T, Leiper J. Modulation of Rac1 activity by ADMA/DDAH regulates pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Mol Biol Cell. 2009;20:33-42 pubmed publisher
  72. Sonnenberg G, Monticelli L, Alenghat T, Fung T, Hutnick N, Kunisawa J, et al. Innate lymphoid cells promote anatomical containment of lymphoid-resident commensal bacteria. Science. 2012;336:1321-5 pubmed publisher
  73. Banerjee S, Bainton R, Mayer N, Beckstead R, Bhat M. Septate junctions are required for ommatidial integrity and blood-eye barrier function in Drosophila. Dev Biol. 2008;317:585-99 pubmed publisher
  74. Hyman M, Petrovic-Djergovic D, Visovatti S, Liao H, Yanamadala S, Bouïs D, et al. Self-regulation of inflammatory cell trafficking in mice by the leukocyte surface apyrase CD39. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:1136-49 pubmed publisher
  75. Heallen T, Zhang M, Wang J, Bonilla-Claudio M, Klysik E, Johnson R, et al. Hippo pathway inhibits Wnt signaling to restrain cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart size. Science. 2011;332:458-61 pubmed publisher
  76. Ross E, Freeman S, Zhao Y, Dhanjal T, Ross E, Lax S, et al. A novel role for PECAM-1 (CD31) in regulating haematopoietic progenitor cell compartmentalization between the peripheral blood and bone marrow. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2338 pubmed publisher
  77. Beck I, Rückert R, Brandt K, Mueller M, Sadowski T, Brauer R, et al. MMP19 is essential for T cell development and T cell-mediated cutaneous immune responses. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e2343 pubmed publisher
  78. Maddaluno L, Verbrugge S, Martinoli C, Matteoli G, Chiavelli A, Zeng Y, et al. The adhesion molecule L1 regulates transendothelial migration and trafficking of dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2009;206:623-35 pubmed publisher
  79. Netea M, Joosten L, Keuter M, Wagener F, Stalenhoef A, Van der Meer J, et al. Circulating lipoproteins are a crucial component of host defense against invasive Salmonella typhimurium infection. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e4237 pubmed publisher
ISSN : 2329-5147