实验室小鼠和大鼠

  • 摘要
  • C57BL/6和BALB/c是主要的小鼠品系
  • Sprague-Dawley和Wistar是主要的大鼠品系
  • Jackson Laboratories,Charles River Laboratories,Taconic Laboratory和Harlan是主要的供应商
  • 主要应用的研究领域有免疫学,肿瘤学,生理学,病理学和神经科学
前言

动物模型是生物医学研究中不可或缺的工具。在科学探索的早期阶段就开始使用动物模型,而且现在它仍然对我们研究单个基因的功能,各种疾病的机制和许多药物以及化学药品的功效和毒性有着巨大贡献。现在已经对许多模型动物的基因组进行了测序,而且发现在模型动物和人类之间有许多保守基因。来邦网总结了276篇经过同行评议的正式文献中的动物模型,以提供其中所用的动物模型的概况(表1)。结果显示,小鼠是占主导地位的实验动物,应用最广泛的小鼠和大鼠品系是C57BL/6小鼠,BALB/c小鼠,Sprague-Dawley大鼠和Wistar大鼠。其他品系,诸如A/J小鼠,CD1小鼠和ICR小鼠也有所应用。这些动物大部分由4家供应商提供,它们分别是Jackson Laboratories,Charles River Laboratories,Taconic Laboratory和Harlan Laboratories。上述动物模型的应用领域包括免疫学,肿瘤学,生理学,病理学,而且在神经科学中的应用也在不断增多。

动物品系数目供应商数目
小鼠C57BL/6116
Jackson Laboratory68
Charles River18
Taconic Farms9
Harlan Laboratories9
小鼠BALB/C26
Jackson Laboratory10
Charles River6
Taconic Farms5
Harlan Laboratories2
小鼠CD-18
小鼠SCID8
小鼠A/J4
大鼠Sprague-Dawley9
大鼠Wistar6
表1. 使用各种主要小鼠和大鼠品系的文献数量(数目)。每个品系包括次代品系,杂交品系和背景品系。同时显示了涉及主要供应商的文献的数量。由于文献中动物品系名称的复杂性,每个品系的数目都是统计量的下限。
小鼠

来邦网的总结显示,小鼠是文献中使用最多的动物模型。在276篇文献中,252篇使用了各种品系的小鼠(另外18篇使用了大鼠,使用兔子、白鼬、豚鼠和恒河猕猴的各有一或两篇)。这并不奇怪,因为小鼠和人的基因相似度有99%。而且小鼠和大鼠繁殖和饲养均相对廉价。它们繁殖迅速,因此使研究者可以在一段适当的时间内同时研究其几代后代的特定基因的功能。对它们的生理学和遗传学已经有了广泛的研究,而且能轻易地和人类比较。用于研究遗传学和特定基因功能的技术,例如转基因方法,已经发展了几十年。为了促进发病机制的研究和评估各种候选药物的效果和毒性,也建立了许多人类疾病的小鼠模型。

近交品系,同基因型和近交转基因小鼠被广泛使用。一个近交品系是指通过超过20代的近亲交配(或它的同胞)得到的品系,因此从同一近交品系得到的动物被认为是遗传上完全一致的。通过与一个近交背景品系进行重复回交,在不小于10代的后代中筛选出具有独特标志的品系被称为同基因型品系。使用最多的品系包括C57BL/6,BALB/c,CD-1,SCID和A/J。只有CD-1是杂交品系。

C57BL/6小鼠

C57BL/6小鼠,也被称为C57 black 6或者简称Black 6,其有着品系稳定和易于繁殖的优点。它还是紧随人类基因组测序完成后,第一个在2005年完成基因组测序的小鼠品系。国际小鼠表型协会(IMPC) [1] ,成立于2011年9月29日,旨在通过敲除技术将这个品系的每个小鼠基因的功能分类。C57BL/6小鼠的用途包括三个主要方面。最普遍的是作为生理学和病理学模型以进行在体实验。其次,它们常被应用于建立转基因小鼠模型。最后,C57BL/6小鼠被用作产生同时具有自发和诱发突变的同基因型的背景品系。

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 1
Figure 1. 雌性C57BL/6,年龄22个月。

在来邦网总结的文献中,很大一部分(至少116篇)使用了C57BL/6小鼠品系。 由于C57BL/6品系基因组的测序已经完成和IMPC对其基因功能分析的持续努力,它被认为会持续作为首选品系。虽然研究中使用“标准”品系的优点是很明显的,但是也出现了关于这种方式的缺点的有趣案例 [2]

Jackson Laboratories的C57BL/6小鼠

Jackson Laboratories的野生型,同基因型和转基因/灭活C57BL/6小鼠被用于研究T细胞发育 [3] [4] , 炎症 [5] [6] [5] [7] [8] [9] , 丁酸盐对肠肽转运蛋白的调节 [10] , 抗Stx2抗体的保护作用 [11] , 生长因子TGF-b3在颚架粘附中的影响 [12] , 纤维化和心肌病 [13] , 心衰 [14] , 血小板功能 [15] , 移植物抗宿主病 [16] [17] , 早期肺炎 [18] , 肥胖型糖尿病 [19] [20] , 激肽B1受体的心脏保护作用 [21] , IL-17和IL-22的产生 [22] , 吸烟危害 [23] , 慢性神经痛 [24] , 适应性免疫 [25] , 静脉曲张中的神经元氮氧化物合酶 [26] , 微血管内皮屏障功能障碍 [27] . 许多文献中使用C57BL/6小鼠进行感染性疾病和抵抗病原体的研究:脑型疟疾病理学 [28] , 嗜肺军团病杆菌 [29] , 柠檬酸杆菌属 [30] , 疟疾 [31] [31] , 鼠伤寒肠道沙门氏菌型感染 [32] , 侵袭性鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染 [33] . 最近,Narita M等人使用C57BL/6J来研究分泌型蛋白的合成 [34]

Charles Rivers Laboratories的C57BL/6小鼠

Charles Rivers Laboratories是另一个主要的C57BL/6小鼠供应商。Charles Rivers的C57BL/6小鼠被用于研究啮齿类动物疟疾型寄生虫伯氏疟原虫 [35] , 胎球蛋白-A [36] , 内分泌胰岛细胞分化 [37] , 胆汁郁积性肝病 [38] , 异源性转运蛋白 [39] , Bmi1的功能 [40] , 对SD和神经性缺乏的敏感性 [41] , 印迹基因中的种系甲基化标记 [42] , 生殖器2-型单纯疱疹病毒感染 [43] , 和ATM基因表达 [44] 。最近,Li XY等人使用成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠来考察PKM-zeta在皮质神经性疼痛过敏症中的作用 [45] ,Oh JS等人从C57BL/6小鼠中收集卵母细胞 [46]

Taconic Farms的C57BL/6小鼠

Taconic的C57BL/6小鼠被用于研究急慢性精神性运动兴奋反应 [47] , DPP-IV在免疫系统中的作用 [48] , 小鼠淋巴细胞增生性疾病 [49] , 效应溶细胞性T淋巴细胞 [50] , 肥大细胞的功能 [51] 和NKT淋巴细胞谱系的发育 [52] 。Round JL等人使用Taconic Farms的C57BL/6小鼠来考察脆弱拟杆菌属在确立宿主微生物共生中的作用 [53]

Harlan Laboratories的C57BL/6小鼠

Harlan Laboratories的C57BL/6小鼠被用于研究缺血再灌注 [54] , 结核分枝杆菌疫苗接种 [55] , 神经营养因子表达 [56] , IL-1分泌 [57] , 蓝舌病毒感染 [58] 和病毒持续感染以及慢性炎症 [59]

其他供应商的C57BL/6小鼠

其他供应商的C57BL/6小鼠被用于研究ECE-1 [60] , 癌细胞中CSE1L/CAS的作用 [61] , 长时程抑制诱导和光动反应适应中delphilin消除的作用 [62] , 葡萄糖和脂类代谢 [63] 。Sankyo Laboratory Service Corp的实验性自身免疫性葡萄膜视网膜炎的C57BL/6小鼠被用来研究各种视网膜蛋白自身抗原的扩散 [64] 并考察在内源性葡萄膜炎中脂酶D和脑型肌酸激酶作为视网膜自身抗原的作用 [65]

研究院和国家动物中心也是供应商。Fogg DK等人使用了Rene Descartes大学动物中心的在CX3CR1基因座上表达eGFP(Cx3cr1gfp/+)的CD45.2 C57BL/6小鼠来鉴定无性系的骨髓前体 [66] 。National Cancer Institute的年龄、性别配对的C57BL/6小鼠被用作野生型对照组 [67] 。伯明翰Alabama大学的C57BL/6.Myd88-/-小鼠被用来考察在调节性T细胞发育中所有反式维甲酸的作用 [8] 。Yi ZF等人使用了National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources的C57BL/6小鼠进行角膜微囊袋试验和组织学检查,以鉴定人载脂蛋白中的一种新肽,并研究其在血管生长和肿瘤发育中的作用 [68]

BALB/c小鼠

BALB/c小鼠是一种白化、免疫缺陷的杂交品系。BALB/c小鼠有着易于繁殖和雌雄体重差异小的特点。值得注意的是BALB/c小鼠的乳腺癌发生率低,但对致癌物非常敏感,可以培育肺癌、网状肿瘤、肾癌以及其他癌症。另外,对BALB/c品系注射矿物油可迅速引发浆细胞瘤,该品系被广泛应用于杂交瘤和单克隆抗体的生产。BALB/c小鼠在癌症治疗和免疫学研究中有着广泛应用。

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 2
Figure 2. BALB/c小鼠。来自The Jackson Laboratory,著作权人许可。

在来邦网总结的文献中,26篇使用了BALB/c小鼠进行杂交瘤培育,单克隆抗体制备,传染性疾病研究以及其他用途。BALB/c小鼠是一种通用动物模型。

例如,Oakley MS等人使用了Jackson Laboratory的野生型BALB/c小鼠来鉴定脑型疟疾中脑部的变化 [28] 。akeda K等人使用了BALB/c小鼠和Charles River Japan的(B6 x BALB/c)F1小鼠来研究死亡受体5介导的凋亡在胆汁阻塞型肝病中的作用 [38] , Ekiert DC等人使用了Charles River Laboratories的BALB/c小鼠来研究抗2群流感病毒抗体CR8020的效果 [69] 。Li Y等人使用了Charles River Laboratories的雌性BALB/c小鼠来证明sopB的功能 [70] 。Capraro GA等人使用了Fredrick Cancer Research and Development Center的BALB/c小鼠来考察SV5-P/V基因突变型在病毒生长和适应性免疫反应中的影响 [71] 。Kendirgi F等人使用了Harlan的BALB/c小鼠来研究原型线状DNA疫苗抗A/H5N1流感病毒的效果 [72]

与C57BL/6一样,BALB/c的一个常见用途是作为各种基因缺乏/灭活研究的背景品系。Nurieva RI等人使用了Jackson Laboratories的STAT-6缺陷和STAT-4缺陷的BALB/c小鼠来研究IL-21,TH1,TH2或TH17谱系在滤泡辅助T细胞产生中的作用 [3] 。TTawara I等人使用了Jackson Laboratories的雌性STAT6缺陷的BALB/c小鼠(H-2d)来考察Th2细胞因子分泌在急性移植物抗宿主病中的作用 [16] 。Ramaprakash H等人使用了BALB/c (TLR9+/+)小鼠来考察对肿胀分生孢子烟曲霉菌的抗真菌免疫反应 [73] 而Castilow EM等人使用了IFN-gamma C.129S7 Ifngtm1Ts/J-缺陷的BALB/c小鼠和BALB/cAnNCr小鼠来研究gamma干扰素在继发性RSV感染中的影响 [74] 。Chung YW等人使用了The Jackson Laboratory的BALB/cJ和BALB/c 同基因型C.C3雌性TLR-4lps-/lps-小鼠和野生型BALB/c小鼠来研究有益菌种对Toll样受体4(TLR-4)变异(lps-/lps-)小鼠中实验性大肠炎发展的影响 [75]

BALB/c小鼠在肿瘤学研究中扮演了重要的角色。Arscott WT等人使用了BALB/c(nu/nu)裸鼠来研究二肽酶IV对神经细胞瘤生长的抑制作用 [76] 而Beauvais DM等人使用了Taconic的无胸腺BALB/c裸鼠来进行角膜血管生成研究 [77]

CD-1小鼠

C57BL/6和BALB/c小鼠是确立了遗传纯合率的近交品系,而CD-1小鼠则与大多数常用的实验小鼠不同,是远亲杂交群(近交小鼠被称为品系,而杂交小鼠被称为群)。远亲杂交实验动物模型的遗传变异性,可以为数量性状遗传位点或特定性状的遗传型淘汰的定位克隆提供方便。但是,对CD-1小鼠(一般指远亲杂交群)在试验研究中的用途诸如毒理学(安全性与有效性测试),衰老研究,肿瘤学研究已有的精密地评估指出该动物模型可能并不适用于所有方面 [78] 。CD-1小鼠的外观和BALB/c品系一样,是白化的。

来邦网统计的文献中,许多文献使用的CD-1小鼠主要来自于Charles River Laboratories。Ray S等人使用了成年雌性CD-1小鼠来证明beta连环蛋白/Lef-1/Tcf-3信号肽与ERα的整合在子宫生物学的雌素依赖性内源基因调节中是必需的 [79] 。Tang N等人考察了CD-1小鼠中肺管的形态发生 [80] 。Ye H等人评估了人造光遗传学转录装置 [81] 。CD-1小鼠还作为小鼠胚胎的来源 [37] , 被用于研究CstF-64剪接变体 [82] , 考察脊椎动物的器官发生 [83] 。Ko HS等人使用了Jackson Laboratory的CD-1小鼠来考察LRRK2的降解 [84]

CB17 SCID小鼠

CB17 SCID小鼠(SCID指的是重症联合免疫缺陷)是有自发重症联合免疫缺陷突变的白化品系。该突变妨碍了T和B细胞的发育和成熟。但是SCID小鼠有正常的NK细胞,巨噬细胞和粒细胞。它们的外观和正常小鼠一样。由于重症联合免疫缺陷变异,对其移植人的肿瘤有着非常高的成功率(甚至比裸鼠还高),这使它们成为了一种测试新的癌症疗法和作为人免疫系统组织的宿主的有价值的免疫缺陷动物模型。

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 3
Figure 3. SCID小鼠。 来自Patricia Brown博士, NCI, NIH.

Li ZG等人使用了Charles River Laboratories的CB17 SCID小鼠进行收集和植入组织样本以研究在前列腺癌骨转移治疗中雄激素受体的作用 [85] 。Takeda K等人使用了Charles River Japan的CB17 SCID小鼠来研究胆汁郁积型肝病中死亡受体5介导的凋亡的作用 [38] 。DDubrovska A等人使用了Jackson Laboratories的CB17-Prkdc (SCID)小鼠来研究PTEN/Akt/PI3K信号肽在前列腺癌干状细胞群的生存和发育中的作用 [86] ,Miyagawa Y等人使用了Clea Japan的CB17 SCID小鼠进行皮下致肿瘤试验来研究在Ewing族肿瘤细胞中dickkopf族的表达 [87] 。Gonzalez ME等人使用了SCID小鼠来验证EZH2失调导致了ER阴性乳腺癌演进的假说 [88]

A/J小鼠

A/J小鼠是另一种常见的白化模型,其独特的特征有迟发的进行性肌营养不良和肾上腺皮质激素诱导的先天性腭裂。而且,它还高发自发性肺腺瘤,该肿瘤很容易在致癌物的刺激下发生。

来邦网统计到有4篇文献使用了A/J小鼠作为动物模型。Takeda K等人使用了Japan SLC的A/J小鼠来研究胆汁郁积型肝病中死亡受体5介导的凋亡的作用 [38] 。Jackson Laboratory 的A/J小鼠被Losick VP等人用来考察在免疫中半主导Naip5等位基因的作用 [29] , Sanders CJ等人说明了在适应性免疫中鞭毛蛋白的作用 [25] , Neunuebel MR等人考察了在肺亲和性菌感染过程中Rab1去AMP化中的SidD调节 [89]

其它小鼠品系和转基因的小鼠

其它小鼠品系诸如ICR小鼠 [90] , 129X1/Sv小鼠 [91] , T细胞缺陷裸鼠 [92] , F344/DuCrl2Swe小鼠 [93] 和OF1小鼠 [81] 均有使用。

Jackson Laboratories的P2X7灭活小鼠被用于研究P2X7受体在体内角膜上皮清创术伤口愈合中的作用 [94] , Jackson Labs的瘦素灭活(ob/ob)小鼠被用于测定O-GlcN酰化作用对血小板功能的影响 [15] 。其它基因变型的小鼠也有广泛应用,诸如Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NOD/SCID-IL2R-/-)小鼠 [95] , IL-6-/-小鼠 [59] , db/db和db/m小鼠 [96] , TLR2-/-小鼠 [25] , R6/2 Huntington小鼠 [97] , OT-2 TCR 转基因的,B6 Ly5.2和129/SvEv IFNAR1-缺陷小鼠 [98]

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 4
Figure 4. LEPR(DB-3J)和正常小鼠。 LEPR(DB-3J)小鼠是”肥胖,好餮,不耐寒冷,对胰岛素抵抗,且不育“。来自The Jackson Laboratory,著作权人许可。
大鼠

其它啮齿类动物,大鼠,是文献中第二常用的动物模型。和小鼠相比,大鼠更大,更凶猛,对各种疾病抵抗力更强。Sprague-Dawley大鼠和Wistar大鼠是两种最常用的大鼠品系。与常用小鼠品系相似,这两种大鼠品系是白化种。另一方面,这两种大鼠品系是远亲杂交品系(大多数常用的小鼠品系是近交品系)。实验室大鼠来源于一种褐家鼠,而实验室小鼠品系来源于许多不同的品种。

Sprague-Dawley大鼠

Sprague-Dawley大鼠是一种头部长窄的杂交白化品系。它繁殖率高,自发肿瘤率低。它因为温和的性格和易于操作而广受繁忙的科学家以及动物实验员的欢迎。来邦网总结了8篇使用Sprague-Dawley大鼠作为动物模型的文献,大多数来自Charles River。

在神经生物学的研究中,Ewert TJ等人使用了成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠来研究梗塞后心脏交感神经过度兴奋对加兰肽表达的影响 [99] , Surgucheva I等人使用Sprague-Dawley大鼠来制备大鼠视网膜细胞以评价视网膜神经节细胞标记物gamma-突触核蛋白 [100] , Zhou HL等人考察了在成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠横断脊髓的嘴侧和尾侧残余部分神经胶质细胞系衍生的神经营养因子表达 [101] , Schafe GE等人考察了在体成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠的长程增强效应 [102] , Dinieri JA等人使用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠进行病毒基因转移试验来研究伏核内可诱导破坏的CREB功能的小鼠对有益和有害药物改变的敏感性 [103] , Chen J等人使用了单向背内侧下丘脑插管的雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠来研究DMH CCK在食物摄取中的作用 [104]

病理学研究是Sprague-Dawley大鼠的另一个应用领域。Reungjui S等人将雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠置于不同的K+饮食环境中以考察低钾血症性肾病是否影响受损的肾血管发生 [105] 。Buchholz K等人使用了伯氏疟原虫感染的Sprague-Dawley大鼠来研究Plrx在其生命周期中的细胞学作用 [35]

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 5
Figure 5. Sprague-Dawley大鼠。来自Harlan Laboratories,著作权人许可。
Wistar大鼠

Wistar大鼠是另一种属于褐家鼠种类的杂交白化品系。它享有第一个作为动物模型的大鼠品系的殊荣。Sprague-Dawley大鼠品系是由它衍生而来的。

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 6
Figure 6. Lobund-Wistar大鼠。 来自NCI, NIH.

来邦网总结了6篇使用Wistar大鼠的文献。Woo S等人使用了雄性Wistar大鼠来为化疗导致的贫血建立机械学模型 [106] 。Siniscalco D等人使用雄性Wistar大鼠来研究半胱天冬酶-7在疼痛导致的凋亡过程中的作用 [107] 。Aprigliano I等人从Wistar大鼠上获取肝星形细胞以考察阿托伐他汀对凋亡的影响 [108] 。Maddahi A等人诱导Mollegaard Breeding Centre的雄性Wistar-Hanover大鼠产生缺血性脑损伤以研究MEK/ERK旁路在缺血性脑损伤之后的受体表达中的作用 [109] 。Unkrüer B等人诱发Wistar Unilever大鼠产生癫痫持续状态以阐明YB-1蛋白在成年大鼠、猕猴和人类脑部的细胞分布 [110] 。Matrone C等人从妊娠Wistar大鼠上获取胚胎以研究NGF或BDNF信号肽在神经元凋亡性死亡中的作用 [111]

动物供应商
Jackson Laboratory

由生产近交小鼠品系C57BL的Clarence Cook Little 创立的Jackson Laboratory是文献中提及最多的试验鼠类动物供应商。Jackson Laboratory有超过5000种小鼠品系。它还拥有一个整合的小鼠信息资源库。在2011年,它出售了3百万只小鼠给“至少50个国家的超过900所研究机构的将近2万位研究者(或者实验室)”。

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 7
Figure 7. The Jackson Laboratory。来自The Jackson Laboratory,著作权人许可。

来邦网统计有超过143篇文献将Jackson Laboratory作为小鼠来源。它主要的常见品系有C57BL,BALB/c小鼠品系和大鼠品系,相对少见的品系例如DBA/2J [9] , C3H.SW (H-2b) [17] , NOD/ShiLtJ [112] , AKR/J (AKR) [24] , FvB/NJ [29] , C3H/HeJ (C3H)小鼠, C58/J (C58)小鼠,CBA/J [24] , 129 X1/SvJ小鼠 [69] 以及MRL/MpJ [113]

另外,许多同基因型和转基因小鼠品系也来自Jackson Laboratories,例如CD8-KO and PFP-KO [28] , ASKO [114] , beta-cateninf/f, CMV-Cre, Rosa26R, Flk1LacZ/+和TOPGAL [115] , RAG-/-小鼠 [31] [53] , IFN-/-小鼠 [31] , B6.129P2-Tcrdtm1Mom/J [32] , p53 heterozygous [40] , C3H/HeJ-Hmx1mpe/J [116] , GM-CSF/IL-3/IL-5受体缺陷小鼠 [117] , TLR3KO [112] , OVA323-339 TCR转基因小鼠 [118] , N-Tg (Thy1-cre) 1Vln/J和Gt (ROSA) 26Sortm1 (eYFP-Cos) [119] , DO11.10 TCR转基因小鼠 [120] , Tlr2-/- [53] , albumin-CRE [121] , SIRT6-/+杂合子小鼠 [122] , 肌营养不良蛋白缺陷小鼠 [123] 和Npc1杂合子小鼠 [123]

实验室小鼠和大鼠 Figure 8
Figure 8. DBA/2J小鼠。来自The Jackson Laboratory,著作权人许可。
Charles River

Charles River在提供研究用动物领域有60多年的历史。在来邦网统计的文献中,54篇使用了Charles River的动物模型。它是常见品系诸如C57BL,BALB/c和其他品系像B6C3F1 [124] , DBA/2 [38] , TNF-alphaR1KO [125] , 裸鼠 [126] and NMRI [35] 的主要供应商。另外,它提供了大部分被统计文献中使用的CD-1小鼠和大鼠品系。

Taconic

Taconic Laboratory在供应确定基因的大鼠和小鼠领域有50多年的历史。在来邦网统计的文献中,23篇使用了Taconic的动物模型。除了常见的品系例如C57BL外,Taconic提供DPP-IV-/- 小鼠 [48] , RAG-2-/-小鼠 [22] , [120] , RAG1-/-小鼠 [43] , Egr1-/-小鼠 [51] , [52] , NCR裸鼠 [127] 和TNFalpha转基因小鼠 [128]

Harlan

20篇文献使用了Harlan Laboratories的动物模型。这座第一个培育出Sprague Dawley大鼠并以之命名为在威斯康星州麦迪逊的叫作Sprague-Dawley农场的著名繁育机构现在已经成为了Harlan的一部分。Harlan提供Hsd裸鼠 [127] , WKT大鼠,LEW大鼠 [129] 和SJL/J小鼠 [59]

其他供应商

Japan SLC提供ICR小鼠 [90] , B6小鼠 [130] , 和B10.D2小鼠 [117]

其他供应商包括政府机构例如National Cancer Institute [68] , 组织机构例如Texas Institute of Genomic Medicine [131] 以及商务供应商 geneOway [132] , Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc和MSD Pharmaceutical [133]

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更新 : 2012-04-03