蛋白/肽标签
王秀英 (mary at labome dot com)
美国新泽西州普林斯顿合原研究有限责任公司 (Synatom Research)
译者
王秀英 (mary at labome dot com)
美国新泽西州普林斯顿合原研究有限责任公司 (Synatom Research)
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.13070/mm.cn.2.116
日期
更新 : 2014-10-29; 原始版 : 2012-03-19
引用
实验材料和方法 2012;2:116
英文摘要

A review of protein and peptide tags used in protein expression and protein purification, and a summary of protein/peptide tags cited in 634 publications.

蛋白标签和肽(表位)标签被广泛用于蛋白质纯化和蛋白质检测(图一)。来邦网对10432篇发表文章进行的调研中,至少有634篇引用了一种或多种蛋白/肽标签(表一)。本文将全面列举一些主要的蛋白/肽标签并对其其应用进行深入的讨论(图二)。在本文中,肽标签和表位标签是可以互换的,诸如FLAG、Myc表位和多聚组氨酸。而蛋白标签则指那些有十二个氨基酸以上的标签,例如绿色荧光蛋白。 几乎所有的蛋白制备都是通过带标签的表达载体来完成的。标签能使表达蛋白很容易地被纯化出来,标签也能影响表达蛋白的可溶性或不溶性,以及表达蛋白的活性或失活。 标签的另一个重要应用就是可用于表达蛋白的检测。没有合适抗体的蛋白,其定位和表达情况可以很方便地通过标签来检测。

标签发表文章数
FLAG214
Myc213
GFP153*
HA153
GST119
HIS115
V541
表一.每种主要蛋白标签或肽标签的发表文章数。*该发表文章数仅包括了GFP表达载体,没有包括GFP抗体。

在设计合适的表达载体时,有一些基本的、但是很重要的考量。例如,标签的序列必须要和目标蛋白处于相同的阅读框中。在使用不同宿主时也必须考虑密码子的使用。此外,例如为了方便地切除标签或不影响表达出来的感兴趣的酶蛋白活性,还应当加入连接序列。 表达后标签并不是必须去除的,尤其是对于那些较小的肽标签或某些应用而言。有时候蛋白标签会增加靶蛋白的可溶性。 标签可以位于蛋白的任何一端。有些表位标签,诸如FLAG,通常会被串联使用来增加其各种应用,或是与诸如His-Myc、His-V5相组合,以用于更多的应用。 表二列举了发表文章中引用的主要标签以及一些重要的参数。

名称氨基酸检测纯化供应商*
FLAGDYKDDDDKG抗体FLAG肽段抗体:CST、 SCBT
载体:LifeTech、 EMD
GFP~220 aa抗体或荧光未使用载体:LifeTech
抗体:请见 这里
GST218抗体谷胱甘肽抗体:SCBT、Pierce、Abcam、LifeTech
纯化:Pierce、EMD
载体:EMD
HAYPYDVPDYA抗体HA肽段抗体:SCBT、Abcam、CST、Pierce、Abgent
多聚组氨酸HHHHHH抗体镍,咪唑抗体:Rockland、CST
纯化:EMD His.Bind、Pierce HisPur
载体:LifeTech、EMD
MycEQKLISEED抗体Myc肽段抗体:SCBT、CST、Abcam、EMD、LifeTech、AbDSerotec
载体:LifeTech
V5GKPIPNPLLGLDST抗体V5肽段抗体:LifeTech
载体:LifeTech
表二.主要的蛋白标签和肽标签。*只列举了来邦网的合作者。供应商缩写:CST, Cell Signaling Technology; LifeTech, Life Technologies / Invitrogen; EMD, EMD Millipore (in US) / Merck Chemical (in the rest of the world); Pierce, Thermo Fisher Pierce; SCBT, Santa Cruz Biotechnology
应用

标签可用于不同的目的。几乎所有的标签都可以通过蛋白质印迹、酶联免疫吸附试验、染色质免疫沉淀、免疫细胞化学、免疫组织化学和荧光测量来用于蛋白检测,并且大多数的标签都可用于蛋白质纯化。它们中的有一些可被用于解决重要的蛋白表达问题,例如,延长蛋白质的半衰期及表达致死蛋质 [1] 。像硫氧还蛋白、poly(NANP)、MBP和GST之类的标签可以增加蛋白可溶性,而有些可以辅助将靶蛋白定位到想要的细胞区室。

蛋白/肽标签 图 1
图 1. 使用肽标记的蛋白质纯化的示意图。
蛋白/肽标签
多聚组氨酸

六个串联组氨酸可形成一个镍结合结构。标记有多聚组氨酸的蛋白可以很容易地利用对镍柱或钴柱的亲和力来纯化,并通过咪唑来洗脱。多聚组氨酸标签是用于蛋白纯化和制备最常用的方法,可用于几乎所有的表达体系,细菌、酵母、哺乳动物和昆虫体系。洗脱剂咪唑可能会影响NMR、竞争性研究和X射线晶体学研究,并会导致蛋白质聚集。

多聚组氨酸表达载体

一个非常普遍的做法是使用 Life Technologies/Invitrogen或Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的His标签表达载体,并直接将PCR产物克隆到表达载体中。 Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 V5-His-TOPO载体被用于研究TCDD对B细胞分化的影响 [2] ,一个具有5个功能域的Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的新型抑菌功能 [3],单纯疱疹病毒DNA的稳定包装 [4] ,AMPK在昼夜节律中的作用 [5] 以及对多效表观遗传网络的抑制 [6] 。Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 His-V5被用于研究EphA4受体的功能 [7] 。其它Invitrogen的His标签表达载体也一直被引用到:pcDNA 3.1-Myc-his [8] 、pcDNA4/HisMaxTOPO [9] 、pcDNA6/Myc-HisA [10] 、pcDNA-DEST40 [11] 、pcDNA3.1/His [12-14] 、pBlueBacHis 2a [15] 、pEF6/V5-His TOPO [16] 、pMT/V5His [17] 以及pBAD/His B [18, 19] 。 Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的6xHis pET-15b载体也被用于研究UDP-N-乙酰葡糖胺2-表异构酶/N-乙酰甘露糖胺激酶 [20] 。

检测

在蛋白质印迹中His标签蛋白用抗His标签抗体很方便地就可以进行检测。 为了研究在蓝藻中的TCA循环,Rockland的抗His抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [21] 。 为了研究E. coli中mRNA分子的细胞质运输,New England Biolabs的抗His抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [22] 。 同样也一直使用来自于Anaspec [23] 、GE Healthcare [22] 、Qiagen [24] 、Roche [25] 、Sigma [26] 以及GenScript [27] 的His标签抗体。

纯化

树脂是His标签蛋白纯化的典型载体。 为了研究Nuc表达和亚细胞定位 [28] 、3'-5'外切酶活性 [29] 以及表面活性蛋白A的作用 [30] ,Novagen/EMD Millipore/Merck Chemical的His.Bind树脂被用于纯化蛋白。 为了研究MERIT40在DNA修复中的作用,Thermo Fisher Pierce的HisPur钴树脂被用于蛋白质纯化 [31] 。 GE Healthcare的HisTrap柱是广受欢迎的,并已被用于纯化DsbC和DsbG [32] ,研究IL-17免疫缺陷 [33] 、甲酸转运蛋白FocA [34] 、细菌核糖体 [35] 、昆虫内共生菌 [36] 、蛋白质赖氨酸琥珀酰化和丙二酰化 [37] 、eIF4A解旋酶活性 [26] 以及内源性葡萄膜炎中的酯酶D和脑型肌酸激酶 [38] 。 Sigma的HIS-Select镍亲和凝胶是另一种选择,并已被用于研究SUMO化体系 [39] 、merlin [40] 以及卵巢癌生物标志物 [41] 。 同样也引用了Qiagen的Ni-NTA HisSorb strips [15] 、Clontech的His60镍树脂 [27] 、Zymo Research的His-Spin protein miniprep试剂盒 [42] 。

蛋白/肽标签 图 2
图 2. 蛋白质/多肽标签的主要应用领域。

Myc标签包含了人类原癌基因Myc中拥有10个氨基酸的片段(EQKLISEEDL)。由于有高特异性的抗Myc单克隆抗体,它被广泛用于检测体系。它很少用于纯化。Myc标签一直被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验。

表达载体

来自于Life Technologies/Invitrogen和Clonetech的表达载体是首选。Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1-Myc-His被用于克隆全长SAP30L [8] 。而为了研究gC1qR,pcDNA6/Myc-HisA被用于克隆PCR产物 [10] 。

Clontech的表达载体pCMV-Myc被用于文献 [43] 、 [44] 、 [45] 、 [46] 、 [47] 以及 [48] 。

蛋白/肽标签 图 3
图 3. 使用标签的ChIP实验的示意图。
检测

Myc可以通过特定的Myc抗体在蛋白质印迹、免疫细胞化学、免疫组织化学、免疫沉淀和染色质免疫沉淀测试中进行蛋白检测。 最常用的用于检测Myc标签的抗体来自于Santa Cruz。Santa Cruz的荧光共轭和非荧光共轭抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹,以用于研究EDS1 [27] 、UL25蛋白 [4] 、p53 [49] 、昆虫神经肽PTTH [50] 、Clr4 [51] 、PTEN [52] 、卵巢癌生物标志物 [41] 、蛋白聚合物的自噬降解 [53] 、HIF-2alpha [54] 、Smad4 [55] 、optineurin [56] 以及乳腺癌中的伤应签名 [57] ,为研究VZV IE63蛋白 [58] 、KSHV ORF蛋白 [59] 、软骨酸性蛋白1B [60] 、MERIT40 [61] 、optineurin [56] 、Bardet-Biedl综合症蛋白 [62] 以及Bmp4信号转导 [63] 进行了免疫沉淀,为了研究Bmi1 [64] 、sestrin [65] 、KT动力蛋白 [66] 、人类腺病毒 [67] 以及乳腺癌中的伤应签名 [57] 进行了免疫荧光研究,并且为了研究mRNA加工因子 [68] 、Cat8和Adr1 [69] 、乳腺癌的发生 [70] 以及HIF-2alpha [54] 进行了染色质免疫沉淀测试。

Cell Signaling的抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹,以研究早期内涵体对Rabex-5的募集 [71] 、Dmef2活性的调控 [72] 、Duox-DuoxA异源二聚体 [73] 、Pak4 [74] 以及在发育中Cdx的活性 [75] ,并为了研究supervillin [76] 和位点1蛋白水解酶 [77] 被用于免疫细胞化学。 为了改造RNA组件 [78] 、为了研究N-钙黏着蛋白-axin-LRP5相互作用 [79] 、为了研究CTCF的 SUMO化 [80] 、为了表征ULBP5/RAET1G的两种异构体 [16] 以及为了研究Egr2突变 [81] ,Abcam的抗Myc抗体被用于蛋白质印迹,并且为了研究自噬被用于免疫沉淀 [82] 。 EMD Millipore/Upstate的抗Myc抗体为了研究错配修复以及DNA复制 [83] 和PTHR1 [84] 被用于进行蛋白质印迹,为了研究Isw1和Chd1核小体定位酶进行了染色质免疫沉淀测试 [85] 以及为了研究AMP激活的蛋白激酶进行了免疫沉淀 [86] 。 Life Technologies/Invitrogen/Molecular Probes的抗Myc抗体为了研究鸟苷酸结合蛋白 [87] 和LRRK2降解 [88] 被用于进行蛋白质印迹,以及为了研究泛素结合被用于进行免疫沉淀和免疫组化 [71] 。 为了研究小鼠皮肤伤口愈合,AbDSerotec的抗Myc抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [89] 。

同样也用到了来自于Sigma [27, 43, 60, 77, 90-97] 、Roche Applied Science [88, 98] 、Covance [71, 99-102] 、Bethyl laboratories [103] 、Clonetech [104] 、Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank [105] 、Immunology Consultants Laboratory [106] 和Miltenyi Biotec [107] 的Myc抗体。

带有 GST标签的蛋白可以用固定的谷胱甘肽进行纯化,并通过还原性的谷胱甘肽进行洗脱(10 mM)。较大的GST标签会增加靶蛋白的可溶性。融合蛋白通常会在其它应用之前被凝血酶或Xa因子切掉标签。

GST标签几乎可用于所有的表达体系,细菌、酵母、哺乳细胞和基于杆状病毒的昆虫细胞。 带标签的蛋白也可以通过抗GST抗体进行检测。

检测

为了研究内着丝粒 [108] 、RNA聚合酶I转录 [109] 、一个新的翻译控制序列 [110] 、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、SUMO化体系 [39] 和optineurin [56] ,Santa Cruz的抗GST抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹分析。 为了研究p120Ras-GAP的调控,Thermo Fisher Pierce的抗GST抗体被用于进行免疫印迹分析 [111] 。 为了研究Ire1-未折叠蛋白相互作用,Abcam的抗GST抗体被用于肽阵列 [112] 。 为了研究Trim11和泛素蛋白酶体系统,Life Technologies/Zymed的单克隆抗GST抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [92] 。 同样也引用了来自于GE Healthcare [113, 114] 、Sigma [87, 115] 、GenScript [27] 和MBL [116] 的抗GST抗体。

纯化

EMD Millipore的谷胱甘肽珠被用于沉淀有活性的RhoA [117] 。 为了研究液泡中的H+-ATPase,Thermo Fisher Pierce的固定化谷胱甘肽亲和珠被用于进行免疫沉淀 [103] 。 GE Healthcare/Amersham的谷胱甘肽树脂是最常见的选择。它曾被用于研究CTCF的SUMO化 [80] 、Sca-1 [118] 、痘病毒的F-box基序 [119] 、Norbin [102] 、PI3K通路 [120] 、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、SPATA7突变 [121] 、Cdc42 [122] 、AIRE [123] 、MERIT40 [61] 、p53 [124] 、SAP30L和SAP30 [8] 、丙型肝炎病毒F蛋白 [125] 、亨廷顿突变体 [126] 、SpvC [127] 、E3连接酶 [128] 、syndecan-1 [129] 、STAT2 [130] 、聚合酶I转录 [109] 、imp7 [131] 、DNA ICL修复 [132] 、RNA质量控制机制 [51] 、dysbindin-1 [133] 、肌病相关的结蛋白突变 [134] 、Pex14p [135] 、小RNA前体出核装置 [136] 、动物进化 [137] 、SERCA2 [138] 、G9a/KMT1C和jumonji-C型组蛋白去甲基化酶 [139] 、GIOT-4 [93] 、HIF-1 [140] 、Unc5B和LARG [141] 、Hsp40 [104] 、拟南芥相互作用组 [142] 、Get3-Get1/2受体复合物 [24] 、SidD [143] 、CRN-4 [144] 、RNA聚合酶II [145] 、AMPK激活 [146] 、线粒体钾通道Kv1.3 [147] 、果蝇实验模式体系中的CBP [148] 和AMP激活的蛋白激酶 [86] 。 同样也引用了来自于Sigma [27, 149] 、GenScript [27] 、Takarabio [150] 的谷胱甘肽树脂或还原性谷胱甘肽。

表达载体

EMD Millipore / Upstate的GST-pErk2表达载体被用于研究SpvC的功能 [127] 。 GE Healthcare/Pharmacia带有GST的pGEX载体被用于pull-down测试 [92, 151] 。

与Myc标签类似,HA标签主要在没有针对靶蛋白的检测试剂时用于蛋白检测。它是源自于人类流感病毒血凝素蛋白的一个短肽YPYDVPDYA。HA标签曾被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验,偶尔也用于酶联免疫吸附试验和染色质免疫沉淀测试。Santa Cruz的抗HA抗体在文献 [109, 152] 中被用于进行蛋白质印迹,在文献 [56, 96] 中被用于进行蛋白质印迹和免疫沉淀,在文献 [62] 中被用于免疫沉淀以及在文献 [153] 中被用于染色质免疫沉淀测试。 Abcam的抗体HA抗体被用于进行免疫细胞化学 [154, 155] 。 为了研究PKR [156] 和Aurora B [157] ,Cell Signaling Technology的HA抗体被用于蛋白质印迹。 为了研究AML1-ETO融合蛋白,Thermo Fisher Pierce的抗HA琼脂糖被用于进行免疫沉淀 [152] 。 为了研究Blimp1,Abgent的抗HA抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [158] 。 来自于Convance [58, 142, 159-171, 171] 、Roche [27, 58, 59, 65, 88, 172-177] 、Sigma [27, 139, 175, 178, 179] 、Bethyl laboratories [103] 、InvivoGen [180] 和Miltenyi Biotec [181] 的抗HA抗体曾被用于蛋白质印迹、免疫沉淀、染色质免疫沉淀测试、酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫荧光研究。

V5表位标签,GKPIPNPLLGLDST,来自于副黏液病毒P/V蛋白。副黏液病毒,一种反义RNA病毒,会导致一些常见的人类疾病,诸如腮腺炎,麻疹,支气管炎,肺炎和哮吼。哺乳动物和昆虫表达体系通常会用到V5标签。虽然它也用于蛋白质纯化,该标签对于蛋白质检测往往是很有用的,诸如在蛋白质印迹、免疫荧光和免疫沉淀实验中。

检测

Life Technologies/Invitrogen的抗V5抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [7, 11, 182] 和免疫沉淀 [111] 。 BD Pharmingen的抗V5抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹 [7] 。

表达载体

Life Technologies/Invitrogen的pcDNA 3.1 His-V5表达载体(带有或没有TOPO或者其它基序)是经常被使用的 [2-7, 16, 70, 128, 183] 。另外被引用到的还有pLenti4-V5载体 [184] 、pLENTI6/V5 DEST [185, 186] 、pMT/V5His [17] 以及带V5标签的pcDNA-DEST40 [11] 和pCDNA5/FRT/To [187] 。

纯化

Sigma的V5-琼脂糖被用于蛋白质纯化 [120] 。

GFP,绿色荧光蛋白,以及它的变体像EGFP,是最受欢迎的报告蛋白,并且已经被用作标签。它们要比通常的表位标签大得多。当然,带标签的蛋白可以用荧光检测,并且也可以用抗GFP抗体检测。 这里还有一篇独立的关于GFP抗体的综述。

表达载体

Life Technologies / Invitrogen的pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFP-miR被用于研究急性神经损伤后神经肌肉突触再生过程中miR-206的作用 [188] ,pCDNA3.1/NTGFP被用于丙型肝炎病毒F蛋白的降解 [125] ,pEGFP-C1表达载体被用于研究CD63分子 [189] 。 Clonetech是EGFP及其变体的表达载体的主要供应商。另外也引用了EGFP-C1 [54, 134, 190-196] 、EGFP-N1 [47, 197-205] 、EGFP-C2 [206-209] 、EGFP-N2 [210, 211] 、EGFP-N3 [200, 206, 212] 、EGFP-C3 [102, 213, 214] 、 pAcGFP1-C1 [215] 、pAcGFP1-N1 [215] 、IRES-EGFP-pA盒 [216] 、MSCV-IRES-GFP [217] 、IRES2-EGFP [218-220] 、H2B-GFP-N1 [221] 以及其它载体 [222-225] 。 还使用了Oligoengine的表达载体pSUPER-GFP [102, 226] 、Stratagene的ViraPort pFB-GFP [227] 和pShuttle-IRES-hrGFP-1 [228] 、Vector Lab的Ad-GFP [229] 和Adeno-Cre-GFP [230] 、Biosettia的pCDH-MCS1-EF1-copGFP [231] 、Genlantis的phCMV-C-GFP [2] 、System Biosciences的pMIF-cGFP-Zeo [184] 以及购自Addgene、来自个人研究者的GFP/EGFP表达载体GFP-LC3 [186] 、phBax-C3-EGFP [232] 和FoxO1-GFP [179] 。

FLAG

FLAG表位标签,N-DYKDDDDK-C,是第一个为用于融合蛋白而设计的表位标签,并且是唯一一个申请专利的标签。标签中多个带负电的氨基酸不太可能影响靶蛋白活性。带有FLAG标签的蛋白可以用特定的抗体M1、M3、M5来识别或回收。FLAG一直被用于细菌、酵母和哺乳动物细胞中。3 X FLAG可以改善FLAG标签的检测。N末端的FLAG标签可以通过肠激酶处理来去除。

检测

Cell Signaling的抗FLAG抗体被用于进行蛋白质印迹和免疫沉淀 [103, 233] 。为了研究尤文家族肿瘤细胞中EWS/ETS对dickkopf蛋白家族表达的影响,Santa Cruz的抗FLAG抗体被用于进行染色质免疫沉淀测试 [11] 。 Sigma的抗FLAG抗体被用于蛋白质印迹 [11, 24, 26, 56, 58, 65, 79, 88, 109, 139, 140, 149, 152, 165, 169, 170, 173, 177, 234-244] 、免疫组化/免疫细胞化学 [56, 150, 242, 245] 和染色质免疫沉淀测试 [68, 85, 171, 243, 246-249] 。

表达载体

Life Technologies / Invitrogen基于pcDNA3的FLAG载体被用于研究严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白 [47] 、甲状腺癌中涉及到的NF-kappaB靶基因 [250] 、RACK1和蛋白激酶C alpha在哺乳动物生物钟中的作用 [149] 以及gC1qR对线粒体中依赖于RIG-I和MDA5的抗病毒反应的影响 [10] 。Invitrogen的pFLAG-CMV5a载体被用于克隆SOSTDC1蛋白,以用于研究其在正常的人类肾细胞和肾透明细胞癌中的表达 [247] 。 EMD Millipore / Novagen的pcDNA5-FRT/TO-3xHA-3xFLAG被用于亚克隆 [101] 。 Sigma Aldrich的3X-FLAG CMV载体是用于FLAG表达最常见的选择,尤其是CMV-14 [20, 206, 235, 251] 和CMV-7 [43, 169, 238, 252] 。同样还引用了其它的载体 [26, 213, 244, 253, 254] 。 另外还引用到了Clontech的FLAG载体 [206] 和Promega的pCMV-Flag5b载体 [255] 。

纯化

Sigma的抗FLAG珠/亲和凝胶通常用于沉淀或纯化带有FLAG标签的蛋白 [24, 26, 31, 33, 37, 43, 61, 68, 82, 88, 92, 93, 103, 112, 119, 130, 139, 148, 152, 159, 161, 164, 196, 197, 227, 234, 240, 241, 247, 252, 256-269] 。 3 X FLAG肽可用于纯化带有FLAG标签的蛋白。Sigma的3xFLAG肽是常见的选择 [26, 33, 112, 213, 264, 266, 270] 。 为了研究E3连接酶在铁的动态平衡中的作用机制,PerkinElmer的FLAG受体珠被用于进行alphaScreen测试 [128] 。

其它标签

已经设计有许多的融合体系。 小泛素相关修饰蛋白(SUMO)可以改善靶蛋白的折叠和可溶性。基于三维结构(而不是基序),SUMO蛋白酶可以特异性地靶向SUMO标签。此外该蛋白酶可以切割尿素溶解的融合蛋白。 MBP,来自于E. coli K12的麦芽糖结合蛋白,可以通过直链淀粉亲和层析的一步法并用10 mM 麦芽糖进行洗脱来纯化融合蛋白。 其它标签包括硫氧还蛋白、poly(NANP)、多聚精氨酸、Strep标签、S标签、钙调素结合多肽、PurF片段、甾酮异构酶、PaP3.30和TAF12组蛋白折叠区域。

切割蛋白酶

关键的选择标准是该蛋白酶必须十分特异性地针对标签或连接序列,并且靶蛋白也没有识别位点。 凝血级联反应中的许多蛋白酶对基序都有严格的要求,并且能高精度地进行切割。凝血酶和Xa因子都来自于凝血级联反应。

凝血酶

凝血酶是最常用的标签切割蛋白酶之一。其共有切割位点,Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Gly-Ser,通常包含在连接区域中,一旦被切割后在融合蛋白中会有些残留的氨基酸。为了研究新一代针对疟原虫的药物,Thermo Fisher Scientific的凝血酶被用于蛋白质纯化 [271] 。 为了研究高迁移率族蛋白,Life Technologies / Invitrogen的凝血酶切割缓冲液被用于制备重组的HMGB蛋白 [12] 。 为了研究参与铁动态平衡的E3连接酶,GE Healthcare的凝血蛋白酶被用于释放GST标签 [128] 。

Xa因子

另一个凝血级联反应蛋白, Xa因子,也是一个从融合蛋白中切除标签的常用蛋白酶。它在共有序列I-E/D-G-R 的C末端进行剪切,因此可以将标签从靶蛋白的N端完全去除。切割温度为4至25摄氏度。为了研究S100A4的翻译后修饰,EMD Millipore / Novagen的Xa因子切割捕获试剂盒被用于GST标签 [272] 。 为了确定脱镁叶绿酸水解酶在叶片衰老过程中叶绿素分解中的效用,New England Biolabs的Xa因子被用于切割MBP融合蛋白 [273] 。 为了展示颗粒蛋白前体(progranulin)通过与肿瘤坏死因子受体的相互作用可用于治疗炎症性关节炎小鼠模型,Qiagen的Xa因子去除树脂被用于进行蛋白质纯化 [274] 。

烟草蚀纹病毒TEV蛋白酶

烟草蚀纹病毒是一个正义单链RNA病毒。它的蛋白酶具有特定的识别位点并能高精度地切割。它在共有序列Glu-Asn-Leu-Tyr-Phe-Gln-(Gly/Ser) (ENLYFQ(G/S))中的Gln和(Gly/Ser)间切割。其活性不会被低浓度的尿素所抑制,而低浓度的尿素可以防止蛋白聚集并增加蛋白可溶性。 为了研究小RNA前体出核装置,Life Technologies / Invitrogen TEV蛋白酶被用于去除GST标签 [136] 。

肠激酶

肠激酶识别D-D-D-D-K,并在赖氨酸的羧基位点切割。FLAG标签DYKDDDK含有这样的一个位点。

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