产品简要
公司名称 :
赛信通(上海)生物试剂有限公司
产品类型 :
抗体
产品名称 :
GFAP(GA5)小鼠单克隆抗体
目录 :
3670
克隆性 :
单克隆
宿主 :
小鼠
共轭标签 :
未共轭
克隆名称 :
GA5
反应物种 :
人类, 小鼠, 大鼠,
应用 :
免疫印迹, 免疫组化, 免疫细胞化学, 流式细胞仪, 免疫组化-石蜡切片, 免疫组化-冰冻切片, 免疫组化-自由浮动切片
文章摘录数: 72
出版应用/物种/样本/稀释参考文献
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 2c
Piantanida A, Acosta L, Brocardo L, Capurro C, Greer C, Rela L. Selective Cre-mediated gene deletion identifies connexin 43 as the main connexin channel supporting olfactory ensheathing cell networks. J Comp Neurol. 2019;527:1278-1289 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 大鼠; 图 5c
  • 免疫印迹; 大鼠; 图 2b
Gasparotto J, Girardi C, Somensi N, Ribeiro C, Moreira J, Michels M, et al. Receptor for advanced glycation end products mediates sepsis-triggered amyloid-β accumulation, Tau phosphorylation, and cognitive impairment. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:226-244 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 小鼠; 图 3c
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 图 1a
Yang Y, Yang S, Guo J, Cui Y, Tang B, Li X, et al. Synergistic Toxicity of Polyglutamine-Expanded TATA-Binding Protein in Glia and Neuronal Cells: Therapeutic Implications for Spinocerebellar Ataxia 17. J Neurosci. 2017;37:9101-9115 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 大鼠; 1:300; 图 2j
Zhou Y, Chen S, Liu D, Manyande A, Zhang W, Yang S, et al. The Role of Spinal GABAB Receptors in Cancer-Induced Bone Pain in Rats. J Pain. 2017;18:933-946 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 图 1c
Prasad S, Sajja R, Kaisar M, Park J, Villalba H, Liles T, et al. Role of Nrf2 and protective effects of Metformin against tobacco smoke-induced cerebrovascular toxicity. Redox Biol. 2017;12:58-69 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 狗; 1:2500; 图 st8
  • 免疫组化-石蜡切片; 狗; 1:2500; 图 st8
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 大鼠; 1:2500; 图 st8
  • 免疫组化-石蜡切片; 大鼠; 1:2500; 图 st8
Furukawa S, Nagaike M, Ozaki K. Databases for technical aspects of immunohistochemistry. J Toxicol Pathol. 2017;30:79-107 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 7b
Mellott T, Huleatt O, Shade B, Pender S, Liu Y, Slack B, et al. Perinatal Choline Supplementation Reduces Amyloidosis and Increases Choline Acetyltransferase Expression in the Hippocampus of the APPswePS1dE9 Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0170450 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 人类; 图 3gb
  • 免疫印迹; 人类; 图 3a
Zhang C, Mukherjee S, Tucker Burden C, Ross J, Chau M, Kong J, et al. TRIM8 regulates stemness in glioblastoma through PIAS3-STAT3. Mol Oncol. 2017;11:280-294 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:100; 图 1d
Kang Y, Balter B, Csizmadia E, Haas B, Sharma H, Bronson R, et al. Contribution of classical end-joining to PTEN inactivation in p53-mediated glioblastoma formation and drug-resistant survival. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14013 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 小鼠; 1:500; 图 2c
Fröhlich D, Suchowerska A, Spencer Z, von Jonquieres G, Klugmann C, Bongers A, et al. In vivocharacterization of the aspartyl-tRNA synthetase DARS: Homing in on the leukodystrophy HBSL. Neurobiol Dis. 2017;97:24-35 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 人类; 表 4
Lopes M, Leal R, Guarnieri R, Schwarzbold M, Hoeller A, Diaz A, et al. A single high dose of dexamethasone affects the phosphorylation state of glutamate AMPA receptors in the human limbic system. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e986 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:250; 图 s5b
Wang A, Jensen E, Rexach J, Vinters H, Hsieh Wilson L. Loss of O-GlcNAc glycosylation in forebrain excitatory neurons induces neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:15120-15125 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-自由浮动切片; 小鼠; 1:400; 图 s5
Wang S, Jacquemyn J, Murru S, Martinelli P, Barth E, Langer T, et al. The Mitochondrial m-AAA Protease Prevents Demyelination and Hair Greying. PLoS Genet. 2016;12:e1006463 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 s1a
Khoutorsky A, Sorge R, Prager Khoutorsky M, Pawlowski S, Longo G, Jafarnejad S, et al. eIF2? phosphorylation controls thermal nociception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:11949-11954 pubmed
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:200; 图 8
Vernay A, Therreau L, Blot B, Risson V, Dirrig Grosch S, Waegaert R, et al. A transgenic mouse expressing CHMP2Bintron5 mutant in neurons develops histological and behavioural features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Hum Mol Genet. 2016;25:3341-3360 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 人类; 1:500; 图 s1
  • 免疫印迹; 人类; 1:1000; 图 s1
Ávila Rodriguez M, Garcia Segura L, Hidalgo Lanussa O, Baez E, Gonzalez J, Barreto G. Tibolone protects astrocytic cells from glucose deprivation through a mechanism involving estrogen receptor beta and the upregulation of neuroglobin expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2016;433:35-46 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-石蜡切片; 人类; 图 1
Chen C, Liu Y, Hua M, Li X, Ji C, Ma D. Neuropathy correlated with imbalanced Foxp3/IL-17 in bone marrow microenvironment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget. 2016;7:24455-65 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 1
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:500; 图 2
Ma Y, Guo H, Zhang L, Tao L, Yin A, Liu Z, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy-induced neuroprotection against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury involves the activation of astrocytes via estrogen receptor β. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21467 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 大鼠; 图 3
  • 免疫印迹; 大鼠; 图 7
Furman J, Sompol P, Kraner S, Pleiss M, Putman E, Dunkerson J, et al. Blockade of Astrocytic Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Helps to Normalize Hippocampal Synaptic Function and Plasticity in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci. 2016;36:1502-15 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 3b
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:2000; 图 3c
Grishchuk Y, Stember K, Matsunaga A, Olivares A, CRUZ N, King V, et al. Retinal Dystrophy and Optic Nerve Pathology in the Mouse Model of Mucolipidosis IV. Am J Pathol. 2016;186:199-209 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:500
Zarpelon A, Rodrigues F, Lopes A, Souza G, Carvalho T, Pinto L, et al. Spinal cord oligodendrocyte-derived alarmin IL-33 mediates neuropathic pain. FASEB J. 2016;30:54-65 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-自由浮动切片; 小鼠; 1:500
Guo Y, Wang D, Qiao T, Yang C, Su Q, Gao G, et al. A Single Injection of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus into the Lumbar Cistern Delivers Transgene Expression Throughout the Whole Spinal Cord. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53:3235-3248 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 小鼠; 1:300; 图 5
Bedogni F, Cobolli Gigli C, Pozzi D, Rossi R, Scaramuzza L, Rossetti G, et al. Defects During Mecp2 Null Embryonic Cortex Development Precede the Onset of Overt Neurological Symptoms. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:2517-2529 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:2000; 图 1s2
Khoutorsky A, Bonin R, Sorge R, Gkogkas C, Pawlowski S, Jafarnejad S, et al. Translational control of nociception via 4E-binding protein 1. elife. 2015;4: pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 小鼠; 1:500; 图 s22
Park S, Brenner D, Shin G, Morgan C, Copits B, Chung H, et al. Soft, stretchable, fully implantable miniaturized optoelectronic systems for wireless optogenetics. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:1280-1286 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 人类; 1:100; 图 4
Werner A, Iwasaki S, McGourty C, Medina Ruiz S, Teerikorpi N, Fedrigo I, et al. Cell-fate determination by ubiquitin-dependent regulation of translation. Nature. 2015;525:523-7 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 大鼠; 图 3e
  • 免疫印迹; 大鼠; 1:1000; 图 3i
Chen B, Tao J, Lin Y, Lin R, Liu W, Chen L. Electro-acupuncture exerts beneficial effects against cerebral ischemia and promotes the proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the cortical peri-infarct area through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2015;36:1215-22 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 人类; 1:1000
Garwood C, Ratcliffe L, Morgan S, Simpson J, Owens H, Vazquez Villaseñor I, et al. Insulin and IGF1 signalling pathways in human astrocytes in vitro and in vivo; characterisation, subcellular localisation and modulation of the receptors. Mol Brain. 2015;8:51 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 人类; 1:1000; 图 5c
Mughal A, Grieg Z, Skjellegrind H, Fayzullin A, Lamkhannat M, Joel M, et al. Knockdown of NAT12/NAA30 reduces tumorigenic features of glioblastoma-initiating cells. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:160 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 大鼠; 1:1000; 图 4a
Cheng C, Lin J, Tang N, Kao S, Hsieh C. Electroacupuncture at different frequencies (5Hz and 25Hz) ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: possible involvement of p38 MAPK-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:241 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 小鼠
Balzamino B, Esposito G, Marino R, Keller F, Micera A. NGF Expression in Reelin-Deprived Retinal Cells: A Potential Neuroprotective Effect. Neuromolecular Med. 2015;17:314-25 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 图 7c
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 7a
Bhatt D, Puig K, Gorr M, Wold L, Combs C. A pilot study to assess effects of long-term inhalation of airborne particulate matter on early Alzheimer-like changes in the mouse brain. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0127102 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫印迹; 大鼠
Fausther M, Goree J, Lavoie Ã, Graham A, Sévigny J, Dranoff J. Establishment and characterization of rat portal myofibroblast cell lines. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0121161 pubmed 出版商
  • 流式细胞仪; 小鼠; 1:500; 图 s2
  • 免疫印迹; 小鼠; 1:1000; 图 s2
Koh H, Chang C, Jeon S, Yoon H, Ahn Y, Kim H, et al. The HIF-1/glial TIM-3 axis controls inflammation-associated brain damage under hypoxia. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6340 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 大鼠; 1:200
Tennakoon A, Izawa T, Wijesundera K, Katou Ichikawa C, Tanaka M, Golbar H, et al. Analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing ductular cells in a rat liver cirrhosis model induced by repeated injections of thioacetamide (TAA). Exp Mol Pathol. 2015;98:476-85 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化-冰冻切片; 大鼠; 1:100; 图 3
Ceber M, Mihmanli A, Kilic U, Sener U, Yuksek A, Durak M, et al. Changes in expression of Slit1 and its receptor Robo2 in trigeminal ganglion and inferior alveolar nerve following inferior alveolar nerve axotomy in adult rats: a pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;44:518-27 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫细胞化学; 小鼠; 1:200
Inada C, Niu Y, Matsumoto K, Le X, Fujiwara H. Possible involvement of VEGF signaling system in rescuing effect of endogenous acetylcholine on NMDA-induced long-lasting hippocampal cell damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Neurochem Int. 2014;75:39-47 pubmed 出版商
  • 免疫组化; 小鼠; 1:300
Yan Y, Zhang J, Wang K, Xu Y, Ren K, Zhang B, et al. Significant reduction of the GLUT3 level, but not GLUT1 level, was observed in the brain tissues of several scrapie experimental animals and scrapie-infected cell lines. Mol Neurobiol. 2014;49:991-1004 pubmed 出版商
Janova H, Arinrad S, Balmuth E, Mitjans M, Hertel J, Habes M, et al. Microglia ablation alleviates myelin-associated catatonic signs in mice. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:734-745 pubmed 出版商
Takahashi T, Fujimura M, Koyama M, Kanazawa M, Usuki F, Nishizawa M, et al. Methylmercury Causes Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Rats via Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0170623 pubmed 出版商
Yamamoto M, Nishiyama M, Iizuka S, Suzuki S, Suzuki N, Aiso S, et al. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1-immunoreactive signals in murine enteric glial cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:9752-9764 pubmed
Chen W, Dang C, Zhu K, Li K. Preoperative management of giant retroperitoneal schwannoma: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:4030-4034 pubmed
Wang H, Tao X, Huang S, Wu L, Tang H, Song Y, et al. Chronic Stress Is Associated with Pain Precipitation and Elevation in DeltaFosb Expression. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:138 pubmed 出版商
Cheng C, Tang N, Kao S, Hsieh C. Ferulic Acid Administered at Various Time Points Protects against Cerebral Infarction by Activating p38 MAPK/p90RSK/CREB/Bcl-2 Anti-Apoptotic Signaling in the Subacute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0155748 pubmed 出版商
Guldner I, Yang L, Cowdrick K, Wang Q, Alvarez Barrios W, Zellmer V, et al. An Integrative Platform for Three-dimensional Quantitative Analysis of Spatially Heterogeneous Metastasis Landscapes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:24201 pubmed 出版商
Rottkamp D, Rudenko I, Maier M, Roshanbin S, Yulyaningsih E, Pérez L, et al. Leptin potentiates astrogenesis in the developing hypothalamus. Mol Metab. 2015;4:881-9 pubmed 出版商
Ye L, Hu Z, Wang H, Zhu H, Dong Z, Jiang W, et al. Tris-(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate, a New Emerging Pollutant, Impairs Cognition and Provokes Depression-Like Behaviors in Adult Rats. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0140281 pubmed 出版商
Matsuzaki S, Lee L, Knock E, Srikumar T, Sakurai M, Hazrati L, et al. SUMO1 Affects Synaptic Function, Spine Density and Memory. Sci Rep. 2015;5:10730 pubmed 出版商
Grier M, Carson R, Lagrange A. Toward a Broader View of Ube3a in a Mouse Model of Angelman Syndrome: Expression in Brain, Spinal Cord, Sciatic Nerve and Glial Cells. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0124649 pubmed 出版商
Zeng Z, Leng T, Feng X, Sun H, Inoue K, Zhu L, et al. Silencing TRPM7 in mouse cortical astrocytes impairs cell proliferation and migration via ERK and JNK signaling pathways. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0119912 pubmed 出版商
Sidorova Darmos E, Wither R, Shulyakova N, Fisher C, Ratnam M, Aarts M, et al. Differential expression of sirtuin family members in the developing, adult, and aged rat brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:333 pubmed 出版商
Shibuya K, Okada M, Suzuki S, Seino M, Seino S, Takeda H, et al. Targeting the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT1 inhibits the self-renewal and tumor-initiating capacity of cancer stem cells. Oncotarget. 2015;6:651-61 pubmed
Cunningham M, Wirth J, Freeman L, Boger H, Granholm A, Gilkeson G. Estrogen receptor alpha deficiency protects against development of cognitive impairment in murine lupus. J Neuroinflammation. 2014;11:171 pubmed 出版商
Grande V, Manassero G, Vercelli A. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory roles of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN) Inhibition in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e114554 pubmed 出版商
Chivet M, Javalet C, Laulagnier K, Blot B, Hemming F, Sadoul R. Exosomes secreted by cortical neurons upon glutamatergic synapse activation specifically interact with neurons. J Extracell Vesicles. 2014;3:24722 pubmed 出版商
Vanderveen N, Paran C, Appelhans A, Krasinkiewicz J, Lemons R, Appelman H, et al. Marmosets as a preclinical model for testing "off-label" use of doxycycline to turn on Flt3L expression from high-capacity adenovirus vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2014;1: pubmed
Schwab A, Ebert A. Sensory neurons do not induce motor neuron loss in a human stem cell model of spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e103112 pubmed 出版商
Wang P, Xu T, Wei K, Guan Y, Wang X, Xu H, et al. ARRB1/?-arrestin-1 mediates neuroprotection through coordination of BECN1-dependent autophagy in cerebral ischemia. Autophagy. 2014;10:1535-48 pubmed 出版商
Kawamura K, Takahashi T, Kanazawa M, Igarashi H, Nakada T, Nishizawa M, et al. Effects of angiopoietin-1 on hemorrhagic transformation and cerebral edema after tissue plasminogen activator treatment for ischemic stroke in rats. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98639 pubmed 出版商
Cabrera M, Tilahun E, Nakles R, Diaz Cruz E, Charabaty A, Suy S, et al. Human Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Stellate Cells Remain Activated after in vivo Chemoradiation. Front Oncol. 2014;4:102 pubmed 出版商
Cheng C, Lin J, Tang N, Kao S, Hsieh C. Electroacupuncture-like stimulation at the Baihui (GV20) and Dazhui (GV14) acupoints protects rats against subacute-phase cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injuries by reducing S100B-mediated neurotoxicity. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e91426 pubmed 出版商
Rusielewicz T, Nam J, Damanakis E, John G, Raine C, Melendez Vasquez C. Accelerated repair of demyelinated CNS lesions in the absence of non-muscle myosin IIB. Glia. 2014;62:580-91 pubmed 出版商
Hagelkruys A, Lagger S, Krahmer J, Leopoldi A, Artaker M, Pusch O, et al. A single allele of Hdac2 but not Hdac1 is sufficient for normal mouse brain development in the absence of its paralog. Development. 2014;141:604-616 pubmed 出版商
Tanaka T, Kai S, Matsuyama T, Adachi T, Fukuda K, Hirota K. General anesthetics inhibit LPS-induced IL-1? expression in glial cells. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e82930 pubmed 出版商
Jiang F, Pang X, Niu Q, Hua L, Cheng M, Ji Y. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin mediates rat pain-related responses induced by BmK I, a sodium channel-specific modulator. Mol Pain. 2013;9:50 pubmed 出版商
Lee Y, Karuppagounder S, Shin J, Lee Y, Ko H, Swing D, et al. Parthanatos mediates AIMP2-activated age-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1392-400 pubmed 出版商
Xapelli S, Agasse F, Sard Arroyo L, Bernardino L, Santos T, Ribeiro F, et al. Activation of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) promotes neurogenesis in murine subventricular zone cell cultures. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e63529 pubmed 出版商
Nicholson J, Puche A, Guo Y, Weinreich D, Slater B, Bernstein S. PGJ(2) provides prolonged CNS stroke protection by reducing white matter edema. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e50021 pubmed 出版商
Ma T, Abazyan S, Abazyan B, Nomura J, Yang C, Seshadri S, et al. Pathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletion. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18:557-67 pubmed 出版商
Xu D, Yang C, Proescholdt M, Bründl E, Brawanski A, Fang X, et al. Neuronatin in a subset of glioblastoma multiforme tumor progenitor cells is associated with increased cell proliferation and shorter patient survival. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e37811 pubmed 出版商
Tanaka T, Kai S, Koyama T, Daijo H, Adachi T, Fukuda K, et al. General anesthetics inhibit erythropoietin induction under hypoxic conditions in the mouse brain. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e29378 pubmed 出版商
Davies J, Proschel C, Zhang N, Noble M, Mayer Proschel M, Davies S. Transplanted astrocytes derived from BMP- or CNTF-treated glial-restricted precursors have opposite effects on recovery and allodynia after spinal cord injury. J Biol. 2008;7:24 pubmed 出版商
产品信息
SKU号 :
3670P
产品名称 :
GFAP(GA5)小鼠单克隆抗体
规格 :
40微升
Price-(USD) :
123美元
物种x :
H, M, R
应用 :
免疫荧光(冷冻)
产品种类 :
神经科学
运输温度 :
AMBIENT
储存温度 :
-20°C
产品类型 :
单克隆抗体
分子量 :
50
宿主 :
小鼠
靶标 :
GFAP
最初蛋白 :
GFAP
别名 :
FLJ45472, GFAP, 胶质纤维酸性蛋白
公司信息
赛信通(上海)生物试剂有限公司
上海市浦东南路1101号远东大厦514室,200120
info@cst-c.com.cn
http://www.cst-c.com.cn
2158356288
公司总部: 美国
赛信通生物试剂有限公司1999年成立于美国麻省,是一家私人拥有的公司,在全世界拥有超过400名员工。我们致力于提供用于帮助确定的细胞功能和抗病机制的创新型的研究工具。公司自成立以来,赛信通已成为全球领先的生产用于扩大细胞信号通路知识的最高质量的激活状态蛋白和总蛋白的抗体。我们的使命是为客户提供世界上最高质量的研究工具,以加快生物研究和个性化药物的进展。